Cardiovascular System Disease Animal Models-Brain Case ()

Popular methods for modeling cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases generally refer to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain and tissues of the whole body caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc. Braincase Biotechnology Co., LTD has constructed a preclinical cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease model platform with a stable lesion, high success rate, and high survival rate of rat and mouse MCAO models, which can be used for reliable and effective dose-dose-aging relationship evaluation, and efficacy evaluation of transient and permanent cerebral ischemia. According to the STAIR Technical Guideline, Complete a variety of pharmacodynamic core indicators, and according to customer requirements, rodents with special diseases can be modeled and completed activity evaluation.

Classification of cardiovascular disease models

Braincase Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has built a variety of cardiovascular disease animal models, such as hyperlipidemia model, atherosclerosis model, stroke model, thrombus model, anticoagulation model, anemia model, etc., for the common cardiovascular disease efficacy evaluation research.

• 1. Hyperlipidemia model
  In daily life, human hyperlipidemia is usually associated with a long-term high-fat diet, and hyperlipidemia is recognized as one of the causes of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes. There are many clinical manifestations of hyperlipidemia patients, including simple hyperTC-emia with increased total cholesterol (which may be accompanied by increased LDL); There are also simple hyperTGemia with elevated triglyceride as the main manifestation (may be accompanied by increased LDL); There are also mixed hyperlipidemia with increased total cholesterol and triglyceride as the main manifestations; There is also low high-density lipoproteinemia, which is mainly manifested by a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). At present, many animal models of human hyperlipidemia have been established. Due to the selection of model animal objects and the use of different high-fat feed formulations, different animal models of hyperlipidemia usually show different levels of dyslipidemia. For example, the rat model of hyperlipidemia replicated with high-fat feed is mainly manifested by mixed hyperlipidemia similar to human.
• 2.Atherosclerosis model
  The animal model of atherosclerosis is that except voles and gophers, generally warm-blooded animals can form atherosclerotic plaque lesions as long as the method is appropriate. Rabbits, pigs, rats, chickens, pigeons, monkeys and dogs are often used. The commonly used replication methods include high cholesterol and high fat feed feeding, immunological method, catecholamine injection, homocysteine injection, young lactating rat injection and cholesterol fat emulsion intravenous injection.
• 3. Stroke model
  Cerebrovascular diseases have become the number one killer worldwide and can be divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, of which ischemic stroke accounts for 85%. Ischemic stroke (ICVD), also known as ischemic cerebrovascular disease or cerebral infarction, is one of the major diseases that threaten human health and survival, and is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people, and increasingly tends to be younger. With the characteristics of high morbidity, mortality, disability rate and recurrence rate, it is a disease that is currently focused on prevention and treatment. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the most common sites for cerebral ischemic injury. Therefore, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is widely used in the study of focal cerebral ischemia. It has been widely accepted and adopted by researchers of cerebrovascular diseases to prepare rat MCAO model by means of endovascular plug blocking. Spontaneous reperfusion occurred in at least 1/3 of patients within 48 hours after embolization, and increased to half or more by one week. Whether spontaneous reperfusion or post-thrombolytic reperfusion, a series of more serious cascade reactions will be produced: neurohumoral regulation effects, non-bacterial inflammatory reactions caused by bioactive substances, and eventually irreversible damage such as apoptosis of nerve cells. Therefore, at present, the transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model in which the thread plug is pulled out after blocking the middle cerebral artery for a certain period of time is mostly used in animal disease models.
• 4.Thrombus model
  The three main factors of thrombosis are blood flow retardation, blood hypercoagulability, and vascular wall injury (vascular endothelial cell injury). Incomplete ligation of inferior vena cava leads to obstruction of venous blood return, local blood stasis and hypoxia, damage of vascular endothelial cells, activation of endogenous coagulation system, and retention of platelets and locally produced coagulation factors in the blood due to blocked blood flow. Meanwhile, foreign bodies are retained in the blood to initiate exogenous coagulation system and promote thrombosis. The most common modeling method is ligation of inferior vena cava.
• 5. Anemia model
  iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is anemia caused by reduced red blood cell production due to iron deficiency caused by various reasons. IDA is the most common anemia, and its incidence is significantly higher in infants and women of childbearing age in economically underdeveloped areas. The deficiency of iron intake is induced by the feeding of low iron feed and supplemented by regular small amount of blood letting, which leads to iron deficiency anemia in animals.

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If you are interested in the details of the experiment or possible problems and causes during the experiment, please contact: BD@ebraincase.com

literature citation

• Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke. 1999;30(12):2752–8.
• Hossmann K-A. Cerebral Ischemia: Models, Methods and Outcomes. Neuropharmacology. 2008;55(3):257–70.
• Hossmann KA. The two pathophysiologies of focal brain ischemia: implications for translational stroke research. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 2012;32(7):1310–6. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.186. 
• Kahle MP, Bix GJ. Successfully Climbing the “STAIRs”: Surmounting Failed Translation of Experimental Ischemic Stroke Treatments. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:374098.
• Rai AT. Red pill, blue pill: reflections on the emerging large vessel stroke ‘market’ J Neurointerventional Surg. 2015;7(9):623–5.
• Gonzalez RG, Furie KL, Goldmacher GV, Smith WS, Kamalian S, Payabvash S, et al. Good outcome rate of 35% in IV-tPA-treated patients with computed tomography angiography confirmed severe anterior circulation occlusive stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3109–13.
• Meyers PM, Schumacher HC, Connolly ES, Jr, Heyer EJ, Gray WA, Higashida RT. Current status of endovascular stroke treatment. Circulation. 2011;123(22):2591–601.
• Wiacek M, Kaczorowski R, Homa J, Filip E, Darocha J, Dudek D, et al. Single-center experience of stent retriever thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Neurochir Polska. 2017;51(1):12–8.
• Yoshimura S, Sakai N, Okada Y, Kitagawa K, Kimura K, Tanahashi N, et al. Efficacy of endovascular treatment for acute cerebral large-vessel occlusion: analysis of nationwide prospective registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(5):1183–90.
• Saver JL. Improving reperfusion therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. J Thromb Haemostasis. 2011;9(Suppl 1):333–43.

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